How to Apply for a Social Security Number as a Nonresident / International Student in the U.S.
If you are an international student or exchange visitor in the U.S., you may be wondering whether you can get a Social Security Number (SSN) and, if so, how the process works. This is a very common and completely valid question, especially if you are starting a job for the first time.
This guide explains who is eligible for an SSN, when you should apply, what documents you need, and how the application process works, using only nonresident and international student rules.
What is a Social Security Number?
A Social Security Number (SSN) is a nine-digit number issued by the Social Security Administration (SSA). It is used to:
- Track employment and earnings in the U.S.
- Report wages and taxes to the IRS
- Administer Social Security benefits
For nonresidents, an SSN is tied directly to work authorization.
Types of Social Security cards
The SSA issues three main types of Social Security cards:
1. U.S. citizens and permanent residents
These cards have no work restrictions.
2. Temporary workers
Issued to nonresidents who are authorized to work in the U.S.
The card states: “Valid for work only with DHS authorization.”
3. Non-work SSNs
Issued only when an SSN is legally required for a non-work purpose.
These cards state: “Not valid for employment.”
This is uncommon for students.
Who can get a Social Security Number?
You may apply for an SSN if you are:
- A U.S. citizen
- A U.S. permanent resident
- A nonresident with valid work authorization
Many nonresidents on J-1 visas are eligible for an SSN.
F-1 students may be eligible if they are authorized for:
- On-campus employment
- Curricular Practical Training (CPT)
- Optional Practical Training (OPT)
If you are not authorized to work, you generally cannot get an SSN and may need an ITIN instead for tax filing.
ITIN vs SSN for nonresident aliens
An SSN is for people who are authorized to work.
An ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) is for tax purposes only.
If you:
- Are authorized to work → you usually need an SSN
- Are not authorized to work but must file a tax return → you usually need an ITIN
You should never apply for an ITIN if you are eligible for an SSN. The IRS will reject the ITIN application in that case.
How to get an SSN as a non-U.S. resident
Step 1: Complete Form SS-5
Form SS-5 is the official application for a Social Security card. You can complete it online, but you must print it.
Step 2: Visit a Social Security office
You must apply in person for your first SSN. Bring your completed Form SS-5 and your original documents.
Step 3: Receive your SSN by mail
Once approved, your SSN card will be mailed to you.
What documents do you need?
Required documents depend on your visa type but generally include:
- Passport
- Visa
- Form I-94
- Proof of work authorization
Additional documents for J-1 visa holders:
- Form DS-2019
- Employment Authorization Document (if applicable)
- Letter from your program sponsor authorizing employment
Additional documents for F-1 students:
- Form I-20
- Letter from your Designated School Official (DSO)
- Proof of employment or job offer
All documents must be originals or certified copies.
How to apply as an international student
To apply for an SSN as a student, you must:
- Be authorized to work
- Have proof of employment or a job offer
- Complete Form SS-5 before your SSA visit
For F-1 on-campus employment, a letter from your school and employer is required.
For CPT or OPT, your authorization must be clearly listed on your I-20 or EAD.
When is the best time to apply?
You should wait at least 10 days after arriving in the U.S. before applying. This allows your immigration records to update in government systems and helps avoid delays.
Can you apply online?
- First-time SSN applications cannot be completed fully online
- You can fill out Form SS-5 online, but you must apply in person
Protecting your Social Security Number
Your SSN is sensitive personal information. Keep your card in a safe place and share your number only when legally required. Be cautious of phone calls or emails claiming to be from the SSA, as scams are common.
Common questions
What is Form SS-5 used for?
To apply for a new SSN, replace a card, or update personal information.
How long does it take to receive the card?
Typically 7 to 14 business days after approval.
What if someone calls claiming there is a problem with my SSN?
The SSA usually contacts people by mail. If you suspect a scam, hang up and contact the SSA directly.
How J1 Summer Tax Back supports you
J1 Summer Tax Back helps nonresidents understand whether they need an SSN or an ITIN and how that choice affects their tax filing. We also guide nonresident students and exchange visitors through correct U.S. tax compliance using nonresident-only rules. 13
Start using our services by selecting the right service for your case here: https://j1summertaxback.com/service-selector